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四、 循环冲洗的参数
要获得良好的冲洗质量选择好循环冲洗的压力和流量是非常重要的一个保证。一般30—40个单元回路的液压系统的冲洗精度为NAS7级时的冲洗时间常常10-15天左右,对于液压伺服系统当要求的冲洗精度为NAS5级时冲洗时间甚至更长。对于那些相对施工周期较短的工程项目,加快液压系统的冲洗进度缩短冲洗时间就更显得迫切了。可以说它是目前工程施工后期的一个非常棘手的问题。
要达到理想的冲洗效果,冲洗时的雷诺数必须在4000左右(我们知道光滑圆壁管道的临界雷诺数Re(L)=2200-2300)。工程实践告诉我们经过酸洗后配管的碳钢管道每个单元回路的冲洗时间3-4小时后化验油样清洁度基本上达到NAS6-7级,当冲洗回路较短油样清洁度甚至达到NAS4-5级。我们知道雷诺数与管道的尺寸、管道内介质的流速和介质的运动黏度有关。雷诺数的计算公式为
Re=υ×ρ×(D-2δ)×10-3/λ*10-6
式中:
Re--------------------为管道冲洗时的雷诺数;
υ--------------------为管道冲洗时的流速,单位是米/秒;
ρ--------------------为管道冲洗时介质的密度,对液压油为常数ρ=910;
λ--------------------为管道冲洗时介质的运动黏度,随油温变化而变化,单位是厘施;
δ--------------------为管道的壁厚,单位是毫米
D---------------------为管道的直径,单位是毫米。
管径DN50以上的单元冲洗回路的沿程压力损失很小,冲洗一百米管道长度的单元回路压力损失也不会超过10巴。而冲洗一百米长DN10或DN15的管道单元回路压力损失则超过150巴。
上面是当采用46#液压油(40Co的黏度值)冲洗时的数据,然而一般常温状态下例如现场环境温度为25Co时,46#液压油的黏度值为105Cst,所以这时冲洗的沿程压力损失更大。正常冲洗要求冲洗油的油温在40Co---60Co之间,下面再给出油温在50Co时一些冲洗时的数据,相同管径的流量只为原来的60%左右,沿程压力损失只有前面的30%--40%。
建议冲洗回路流量的选择按照上表的数据考虑,在开始冲洗初期由于没有达到正常的冲洗温度,也达不到雷诺数在4000左右的要求,不过经过一段时间冲洗后油温会逐步提高,冲洗的压力也将相应下降,当达到正常冲洗温度后约3-4个小时,取样化验被冲洗的单元回路清洁度就可达到或超过系统要求的清洁度而进行下一个单元回路的冲洗。
五、小结
装配后的系统冲洗对新投入使用的液压系统是必要的,任何抱有侥幸心理而放弃清洗都会对设备带来致命的损害。经过严格的冲洗后,可以减少和避免系统调试和早期运行中的故障,缩短系统的调试周期,减少不必要的损失。但是,系统的污染控制是一个不断进行的过程,不可能一劳永逸,在系统的运行期间还要定期检测油液状态,并控制污染物使其保证在系统允许的清洁度范围内。
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